Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christian Frings
Psychologie , Universität Trier
- 0651/201-2958
Frings, Christian; Beste, Christian; Benini, Elena et al.
Consensus definitions of perception-action-integration in action controlCommunications Psychology. Bd. 2. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2024 7
Gauselmann, Paula; Runge, Yannick; Jilek, Christian et al.
A Relief from Mental Overload in a Digitalized World: How Context-Sensitive User Interfaces Can Enhance Cognitive PerformanceInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction. Bd. 39. Informa UK Limited 2023 S. 140 - 150
Brügge, Nele Sophie; Sallandt, Gesine Marie; Schappert, Ronja et al.
Automated Motor Tic Detection: A Machine Learning ApproachMovement Disorders. Bd. 38. H. 7. Wiley 2023 S. 1327 - 1335
Benini, Elena; Koch, Iring; Mayr, Susanne et al.
Binding of task-irrelevant contextual features in task switchingQuarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Bd. 76. H. 8. SAGE Publications 2023 S. 1872 - 1888
Friedrich, Julia; Rawish, Tina; Bluschke, Annet et al.
Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Behavior Therapy for Tics: A Perception–Action Integration ApproachBiomedicines. Bd. 11. H. 6. MDPI AG 2023 S. 1550
Gauselmann, Paula; Frings, Christian; Tempel, Tobias
Cognitive offloading benefits eye gaze interactionApplied Cognitive Psychology. Bd. online first. Wiley 2023 online first
Frings, Christian; Selimi, Silvia; Soballa, Paula et al.
Effect-less? Event-files are not terminated by distal action effectsAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 1761 - 1767
Gholamipourbarogh, Negin; Ghin, Filippo; Mückschel, Moritz et al.
Evidence for independent representational contents in inhibitory control subprocesses associated with frontoparietal corticesHuman Brain Mapping. Bd. 44. H. 3. Wiley 2023 S. 1046 - 1061
Wendiggensen, Paul; Prochnow, Astrid; Pscherer, Charlotte et al.
Interplay between alpha and theta band activity enables management of perception-action representations for goal-directed behaviorCommunications Biology. Bd. 6. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 494
Merz, Simon; Beege, Frank; Schöpper, Lars-Michael et al.
Investigating attentional control sets: Evidence for the compilation of multi-feature control setsAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 596 - 612
Meyerhoff, Hauke S.; Stegemann, Marlena J.; Frings, Christian
Linking Auditory-Induced Bouncing and Auditory-Induced Illusory Crescents: an Individual-Differences ApproachMultisensory Research. Bd. 36. H. 5. Brill 2023 S. 429 - 447
Merz, Simon; Frings, Christian; Spence, Charles
Motion perception in touch: resolving contradictory findings by varying probabilities of different trial typesPsychological Research. Bd. online first. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 online first
Soballa, Paula; Frings, Christian; Schmalbrock, Philip et al.
Multisensory integration reduces landmark distortions for tactile but not visual targetsJournal of Neurophysiology. Bd. online first. American Physiological Society 2023 S. 1 - 16
Yu, Shijing; Stock, Ann-Kathrin; Münchau, Alexander et al.
Neurophysiological principles of inhibitory control processes during cognitive flexibilityCerebral Cortex. Bd. 33. H. 11. Oxford University Press (OUP) 2023 S. 6656 - 6666
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Siodmiak, Julia; Donzallaz, Michelle C. et al.
No effects of 1 Hz offline TMS on performance in the stop-signal gameScientific Reports. Bd. 13. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 11565
Gholamipourbarogh, Negin; Prochnow, Astrid; Frings, Christian et al.
Perception‐action integration during inhibitory control is reflected in a concomitant multi‐region processing of specific codes in the neurophysiological signal.Psychophysiology. Bd. 60. H. 2. Wiley 2023 e14178
Weissbach, Anne; Moyé, Josephine; Takacs, Adam et al.
Perception–Action Integration Is Altered in Functional Movement DisordersMovement Disorders. Bd. online first. Wiley 2023 online first
Haciahmet, Céline C.; Frings, Christian; Beste, Christian et al.
Posterior delta/theta EEG activity as an early signal of Stroop conflict detectionPsychophysiology. Bd. 60. Wiley 2023 e14195
Schmalbrock, Philip; Hommel, Bernhard; Münchau, Alexander et al.
Predictability reduces event file retrievalAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 1073 - 1087
Pastötter, Bernhard; Frings, Christian
Prestimulus alpha power signals attention to retrievalEuropean Journal of Neuroscience. Bd. online first. Wiley 2023 S. 1 - 11
Gauselmann, Paula; Frings, Christian; Schmidt, Markus et al.
Protecting against mental impasses: Evidence of selective retrieval mitigating the impact of fixation in creative problem solvingCognition. Bd. 239. Elsevier BV 2023 S. 105547
Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Frings, Christian
Responding, fast and slow: Visual detection and localization performance is unaffected by retrievalAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 86. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 171 - 185
Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Frings, Christian
Same, but different: Binding effects in auditory, but not visual detection performanceAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 438 - 451
Meyerhoff, Hauke S.; Gehrer, Nina A.; Frings, Christian
The Beep-Speed Illusion Cannot Be Explained With a Simple Selection BiasExperimental Psychology. Bd. Online First. Hogrefe Publishing Group 2023 S. 1 - 8
Pastötter, Bernhard; von Dawans, Bernadette; Domes, Gregor et al.
The Forward Testing Effect Is Resistant to Acute Psychosocial Retrieval StressExperimental Psychology. Bd. 70. H. 1. Hogrefe Publishing Group 2023 S. 32 - 39
Schäfer, Sarah; Wentura, Dirk; Singh, Tarini et al.
The Functional SelfExperimental Psychology. Bd. 70. H. 2. Hogrefe Publishing Group 2023 S. 81 - 95
Qiu, Ruyi; Möller, Malte; Koch, Iring et al.
The influence of event segmentation by context on stimulus–response binding.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Bd. 49. H. 3. American Psychological Association (APA) 2023 S. 355 - 369
Frings, Christian; Foerster, Anna; Moeller, Birte et al.
The relation between learning and stimulus–response binding.Psychological Review. Bd. Advance online publication. American Psychological Association (APA) 2023 S. 1 - 7
Paulus, Theresa; Wernecke, Lynn; Lundie, Annik et al.
The Role of the Left Inferior Parietal Cortex in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome—An rTMS StudyBiomedicines. Bd. 11. H. 3. MDPI AG 2023 S. 980
Wendiggensen, Paul; Paulus, Theresa; Bluschke, Annet et al.
Theta Activity Dynamics during Embedded Response Plan Processing in Tourette SyndromeBiomedicines. Bd. 11. H. 2. MDPI AG 2023 S. 393
Geißler, Christoph F.; Friehs, Maximilian A.; Frings, Christian et al.
Time-dependent effects of acute stress on working memory performance: A systematic review and hypothesisPsychoneuroendocrinology. Bd. 148. Elsevier BV 2023 S. 105998
Laub, Ruth; Münchau, Alexander; Beste, Christian et al.
Too much information … The influence of target selection difficulty on binding processesVisual Cognition. Bd. online first. Informa UK Limited 2023 S. 1 - 19
Beste, Christian; Münchau, Alexander; Frings, Christian
Towards a systematization of brain oscillatory activity in actionsCommunications Biology. Bd. 6. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 137
Geissler, Christoph Felix; Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Engesser, Anna Franziska et al.
Turning the Light Switch on Binding: Prefrontal Activity for Binding and Retrieval in Action ControlJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Bd. 36. H. 1. MIT Press 2023 S. 95 - 106
Jamous, Roula; Takacs, Adam; Frings, Christian et al.
Unsigned surprise but not reward magnitude modulates the integration of motor elements during actionsScientific Reports. Bd. 13. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 5379
Foerster, Anna; Moeller, Birte; Frings, Christian et al.
What is left after an error? Towards a comprehensive account of goal-based binding and retrievalAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 S. 120 - 139
Schmalbrock, Philip; Frings, Christian
A mighty tool not only in perception: Figure-ground mechanisms control binding and retrieval alikeAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 85. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 S. 1 - 11
Selimi, Silvia; Frings, Christian; Moeller, Birte
Binding between Responses is not Modulated by Grouping of Response EffectsJournal of Cognition. Bd. 5. H. 1. Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 2022 S. 42
Eggert, Elena; Prochnow, Astrid; Roessner, Veit et al.
Cognitive science theory-driven pharmacology elucidates the neurobiological basis of perception-motor integrationCommunications Biology. Bd. 5. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 919
Benini, Elena; Koch, Iring; Mayr, Susanne et al.
Contextual Features of the Cue Enter Episodic Bindings in Task SwitchingJournal of Cognition. Bd. 5. H. 1. Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 2022 S. 1 - 17
Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Lappe, Markus; Frings, Christian
Found in translation: The role of response mappings for observing binding effects in localization tasksVisual Cognition. Bd. online first. Informa UK Limited 2022 S. 1 - 19
Singh, Tarini; Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Domes, Gregor et al.
Gaze cues vs. arrow cues at short vs. long durationsVisual Cognition. Bd. 31. Informa UK Limited 2022 S. 1 - 10
Schmalbrock, Philip; Frings, Christian; Moeller, Birte
Pooling it all together – the role of distractor pool size on stimulus-response bindingJournal of Cognitive Psychology. Bd. 34. H. 2. Informa UK Limited 2022 S. 249 - 260
Wendiggensen, Paul; Adelhöfer, Nico; Jamous, Roula et al.
Processing of embedded response plans is modulated by an interplay of frontoparietal theta and beta activityJournal of Neurophysiology. Bd. 128. H. 3. American Physiological Society 2022 S. 543 - 555
Schäfer, Sarah; Baess, Pamela; Frings, Christian
Relevant to me: the integration of other people into the self-concept happens and depends on their current relevanceDiscover Psychology. Bd. 2. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 S. 1 - 11
Pastötter, Bernhard; Urban, Julian; Lötzer, Johannes et al.
Retrieval Practice Enhances New Learning but does Not Affect Performance in Subsequent Arithmetic TasksJournal of Cognition. Bd. 5. H. 1. Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 2022 S. 1 - 11
Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Lappe, Markus; Frings, Christian
Saccadic landing positions reveal that eye movements are affected by distractor-based retrievalAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 84. H. 7. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 S. 2219 - 2235
Frings, Christian; Moeller, Birte; Beste, Christian et al.
Stimulus decay functions in action controlScientific Reports. Bd. 12. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 20139
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Schäfer, Sarah; Frings, Christian
The (Gami)fictional Ego-Center: Projecting the Location of the Self Into an AvatarFrontiers in Psychology. Bd. 13. Frontiers Media SA 2022 S. 1 - 11
Meyerhoff, Hauke S.; Gehrer, Nina A.; Merz, Simon et al.
The beep-speed illusion: Non-spatial tones increase perceived speed of visual objects in a forced-choice paradigmCognition. Bd. 219. Elsevier BV 2022 S. 104978
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Stegemann, Marlena J.; Merz, Simon et al.
The influence of tDCS on perceived bouncing/streamingExperimental Brain Research. Bd. 241. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 S. 1 - 10
Merz, Simon; Soballa, Paula; Spence, Charles et al.
The speed prior account: A new theory to explain multiple phenomena regarding dynamic information.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Bd. 151. American Psychological Association (APA) 2022 S. 1 - 11
Langelage, Jennifer; Verrel, Julius; Friedrich, Julia et al.
Urge-tic associations in children and adolescents with Tourette syndromeScientific Reports. Bd. 12. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2022 16008
Schmalbrock, Philip; Kiesel, Andrea; Frings, Christian
What Belongs Together Retrieves Together – The Role of Perceptual Grouping in Stimulus-Response Binding and RetrievalJournal of Cognition. Bd. 5. Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 2022 S. 1 - 14
Moeller, Birte; Frings, Christian
All together now: Simultaneous feature integration and feature retrieval in action controlPsychonomic Bulletin & Review. Bd. 29. H. 2. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 512 - 520
Laub, Ruth; Frings, Christian
Brightness versus darkness: The influence of stimulus intensity on the distractor-response binding effectActa Psychologica. Bd. 212. Elsevier BV 2021 S. 103224
Schmidt, Markus; Frings, Christian; Tempel, Tobias
Context-Dependent Memory of Motor SequencesJournal of Cognition. Bd. 4. H. 1. Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 2021 S. 1 - 12
Schäfer, Sarah; Frings, Christian
Different effects of spatial separation in action and perceptionPsychonomic Bulletin & Review. Bd. 28. H. 3. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 845 - 852
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Brauner, Lisa; Frings, Christian
Dual-tDCS over the right prefrontal cortex does not modulate stop-signal task performanceExperimental Brain Research. Bd. 239. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 811 - 820
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Frings, Christian; Hartwigsen, Gesa
Effects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on reactive response inhibitionNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Bd. 128. Elsevier BV 2021 S. 749 - 765
Runge, Yannick; Frings, Christian; Tempel, Tobias et al.
Electrophysiological correlates of saving‐enhanced memory: Exploring similarities to list‐method directed forgettingEuropean Journal of Neuroscience. Bd. 54. H. 6. Wiley 2021 S. 6060 - 6074
Foerster, Anna; Rothermund, Klaus; Parmar, Juhi Jayesh et al.
Goal-Based Binding of Irrelevant Stimulus Features for Action SlipsExperimental Psychology. Bd. 68. H. 4. Hogrefe Publishing Group 2021 S. 206 - 213
Geissler, Christoph F.; Frings, Christian; Moeller, Birte
Illuminating the prefrontal neural correlates of action sequence disassembling in response–response bindingScientific Reports. Bd. 11. H. 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 1 - 11
Schmalbrock, Philip; Laub, Ruth; Frings, Christian
Integrating salience and action – Increased integration strength through salienceVisual Cognition. Bd. 29. H. 2. Informa UK Limited 2021 S. 91 - 104
Giesen, Carina G.; Frings, Christian
Not so social after all: Video-based acquisition of observational stimulus-response bindingsActa Psychologica. Bd. 217. Elsevier BV 2021 S. 103330
Moeller, Birte; Frings, Christian
Response–response bindings do not decay for 6 seconds after integration: A case for bindings’ relevance in hierarchical action control.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Bd. 47. H. 4. American Psychological Association (APA) 2021 S. 508 - 517
Schmidt, Markus; Frings, Christian; Tempel, Tobias
Selective directed forgetting of motor sequencesActa Psychologica. Bd. 218. Elsevier BV 2021 S. 103352
Geissler, Christoph F.; Schneider, Jörn; Frings, Christian
Shedding light on the prefrontal correlates of mental workload in simulated driving: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy studyScientific Reports. Bd. 11. H. 1. Springer 2021 S. 1 - 11
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Dechant, Martin; Vedress, Sarah et al.
Shocking advantage! Improving digital game performance using non-invasive brain stimulationInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Bd. 148. Elsevier BV 2021 S. 102582
Merz, Simon; Frings, Christian; Spence, Charles
Tactile temporal offset cues reduce visual representational momentumAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 83. H. 5. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 2113 - 2122
Haciahmet, Céline C.; Frings, Christian; Pastötter, Bernhard
Target Amplification and Distractor Inhibition: Theta Oscillatory Dynamics of Selective Attention in a Flanker TaskCognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. Bd. 21. H. 2. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 355 - 371
Schmalbrock, Philip; Frings, Christian
Temporal expectancy modulates stimulus–response integrationAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. online. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 1 - 11
Foerster, Anna; Moeller, Birte; Huffman, Greg et al.
The human cognitive system corrects traces of error commission on the fly.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Bd. 151. American Psychological Association (APA) 2021 S. 1 - 11
Singh, Tarini; Domes, Gregor; Frings, Christian
The influence of stress on distractor-response bindingsStress. Bd. online. Informa UK Limited 2021 S. 1 - 10
Laub, Ruth; Merz, Simon; Dröschel, Helena et al.
The level of representation of irrelevant stimuli—Distractor–response binding within and between the sensesAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 83. H. 5. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 2256 - 2266
Pastötter, Bernhard; Moeller, Birte; Frings, Christian
Watching the Brain as It (Un)Binds: Beta Synchronization Relates to Distractor–Response BindingJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Bd. 8. MIT Press - Journals 2021 S. 1581 - 1594
Merz, Simon; Frings, Christian; Spence, Charles
When irrelevant information helps: Extending the Eriksen-flanker task into a multisensory worldAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 83. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021 S. 776 - 789 32514664
Frings, Christian; Hommel, Bernhard; Koch, Iring et al.
Binding and Retrieval in Action Control (BRAC)Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Bd. 24. H. 5. Elsevier BV 2020 S. 375 - 387
Schäfer, Sarah; Wentura, Dirk; Frings, Christian
Creating a network of importance: The particular effects of self-relevance on stimulus processingAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 82. H. 7. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 S. 3750 - 3766
Blask, Katarina; Frings, Christian; Walther, Eva
CS as an effect: action-based evaluative conditioning depends on temporal contiguityJournal of Cognitive Psychology. Bd. 32. Informa UK Limited 2020 S. 661 - 667
Tempel, Tobias
EEG beta power increase indicates inhibition in motor memoryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. Bd. 150. 2020 S. 92 - 99
Friehs, Maximilian Achim; Dechant, Martin; Vedress, Sarah et al.
Effective Gamification of the Stop-Signal Task: Two Controlled Laboratory ExperimentsJMIR Serious Games. Bd. 8. H. 3. JMIR Publications Inc. 2020 S. e17810 32897233
Dignath, David
Electrophysiological Evidence for Action-Effect PredictionJOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL. Bd. 149. H. 6. 2020 S. 1148 - 1155
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Frings, Christian
Evidence Against Combined Effects of Stress and Brain Stimulation on Working MemoryOpen Psychology. Bd. 2. H. 1. Walter de Gruyter GmbH 2020 S. 40 - 56
Merz, Simon; Jensen, Anne; Burau, Charlotte et al.
Higher-Order Cognition Does Not Affect Multisensory Distractor ProcessingMultisensory Research. Bd. 34. Brill 2020 S. 1 - 14
Wesslein, Ann-Katrin; Frings, Christian
Identity-Based Crossmodal Negative Priming: Aftereffects of Ignoring in One Sensory Modality on Responding to Another Sensory ModalityMultisensory Research. Bd. 33. H. 7. Brill 2020 S. 703 - 721
Geissler (Geißler), Christoph F.; Hofmann, Markus J.; Frings, Christian
It is more than Interference: Examining the neurohemodynamic correlates of the flanker task with functional near‐infrared spectroscopyEuropean Journal of Neuroscience. Bd. 52. H. 3. Wiley 2020 S. 3022 - 3031
Frings, Christian; Koch, Iring; Rothermund, Klaus et al.
Merkmalsintegration und Abruf als wichtige Prozesse der Handlungssteuerung – eine Paradigmen-übergreifende PerspektivePsychologische Rundschau. Bd. 71. H. 1. Hogrefe Publishing Group 2020 S. 1 - 14
Friehs, Maximilian A.; Klaus, Jana; Singh, Tarini et al.
Perturbation of the right prefrontal cortex disrupts interference controlNeuroImage. Bd. 222. Elsevier BV 2020 S. 117279 32828926
Moeller, Birte; Frings, Christian
Remote binding counts: measuring distractor-response binding effects onlinePsychological Research. Bd. 84. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 32894340
Merz, Simon; Meyerhoff, Hauke S.; Frings, Christian et al.
Representational momentum in vision and touch: Visual motion information biases tactile spatial localizationAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 82. H. 5. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 S. 2618 - 2629
Geissler, Christoph F.; Domes, Gregor; Frings, Christian
Shedding light on the frontal hemodynamics of spatial working memory using functional near-infrared spectroscopyNeuropsychologia. Bd. 146. Elsevier BV 2020 S. 107570 32721498
Geissler (Geissler), Christoph F.; Domes, Gregor; Frings, Christian
Shedding light on the frontal hemodynamics of spatial working memory using functional near-infrared spectroscopyNEUROPSYCHOLOGIA. Bd. 146. 2020
Runge, Yannick; Frings, Christian; Tempel, Tobias
Specifying the mechanisms behind benefits of saving-enhanced memoryPsychological Research. Bd. 84. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 32333108
Domes, Gregor; Frings, Christian
Stress and Cognition in Humans Current Findings and Open Questions in Experimental PsychologyEXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. Bd. 67. H. 2. 2020 S. 73 - 76
Mocke, Viola; Weller, Lisa; Frings, Christian et al.
Task relevance determines binding of effect features in action planningAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 82. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 32914340
Hommel, Bernhard; Frings, Christian
The disintegration of event files over time: Decay or interference?Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Bd. 27. H. 4. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 S. 751 - 757
Pastoetter, Bernhard
The Forward Testing Effect is Immune to Acute Psychosocial Encoding/Retrieval StressEXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. Bd. 67. H. 2. 2020 S. 112 - 122
Schöpper, Lars-Michael; Singh, Tarini; Frings, Christian
The official soundtrack to “Five shades of grey”: Generalization in multimodal distractor-based retrievalAttention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Bd. 82. H. 7. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2020 S. 3479 - 3489
Singh, Tarini; Frings, Christian
The role of location in the organization of bindings within short-term episodic traces.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Bd. 46. H. 5. American Psychological Association (APA) 2020 S. 512 - 524